Everything about Hiberno-scottish Mission totally explained
Irish and Scottish missionaries (Iro-Scottish, Hiberno-Scottish) were instrumental in the spread of
Christianity in
Anglo-Saxon England and the
Frankish Empire during the
6th and
7th centuries. The Latin term
Scotti refers to the Gaelic-speaking people of Ireland and the Irish who settled in western Scotland. In early medieval times Ireland was known, not only as Éire, but also as
Scotia a name that the Romans used to refer to Ireland. The Romans also gave Ireland the name "Hibernia". Thus, the "Scots" missionaries who were so influential in the early Church history of Germany included men from both Ireland and Scotland in the modern sense, but were predominantly Irish.
Schottenklöster (meaning
Scottish monasteries in
German, singular:
Schottenkloster) is the name applied to the
monastic foundations of Irish and Scottish missionaries in
Continental Europe, particularly to the Scottish
Benedictine monasteries in
Germany, which in the beginning of the
13th century were combined into one congregation whose
abbot-general was the Abbot of the
Scots monastery at
Regensburg.
In the
sixth century migrations into what is now Scotland were Ulster clans such as the
Airgíalla and the
Uí Néill. Among them was
Colm Cille of
Gartan who, with twelve companions, founded
Iona in the early
7th century.
Adomnán of Donegal wrote his biography in the early 8th century. As late as the 11th and early 12th century the name Scot or Scotus identified the missionary or traveller as a
Gael and thus monks of Irish as well as Scottish origin were commonly both referred to under the same, at the time shared, nomenclature.
Marianus Scotus together with is companions was the founder of St. Peter at Regensburg in
1072.
Columba to Columbanus (563-615)
After
Saint Ninian, Christianity first spread to Scotland again in
563 with the foundation of
Iona by
Columcille. Following the foundation of
Lindisfarne in
635 by
Saint Aidan, Hiberno-Scottish missionaries converted most of Anglo-Saxon England during the following decades; the last pagan Anglo-Saxon king,
Penda of Mercia, died in
655.
Columbanus from
590 was active in the Frankish Empire, establishing monasteries throughout what is now
France and
Switzerland until his death at
Bobbio in
615. Other Hiberno-Scottish missionaries active at the time, predominantly in
Swabia, were
Wendelin,
Kilian,
Arbogast,
Landelin,
Trudpert,
Fridolin,
Pirmin (founded
Reichenau abbey),
Gallus (
Abbey of St. Gall),
Korbinian,
Emmeram and
Rupert.
Examples of Hiberno-Scottish monasteries on the continent include the
Scots monastery in
Regensburg,
Vienna,
Erfurt and
Würzburg. In Italy, there are the establishments of
Columbanus, founder of
Luxeuil and
Bobbio, and Saints
Donatus and
Andrew of Tuscany, of
Fiesole.
The first Schottenkloster of which we've any knowledge was Säckingen in
Baden, founded by the Irish missionary, St. Fridolin, towards the end of the 5th century. The same missionary is said to have founded a Schottenkloster at
Konstanz. A century later
St. Columbanus arrived on the continent with twelve companions and founded Annegray,
Luxeuil, and Fontaines in
France,
Bobbio in
Italy. During the
seventh century the disciples of Columbanus and other Irish and Scottish missionaries founded a long list of monasteries in what is now France, Germany, Belgium, and Switzerland. The best known are:
St. Gall in
Switzerland,
Disibodenberg in the
Rhine Palatinate, St. Paul's at
Besançon,
Lure and Cusance in the
Diocese of Besançon, Beze in the
Diocese of Langres,
Remiremont Abbey and
Moyenmoutier Abbey in the
Diocese of Toul,
Fosses-la-Ville in the
Diocese of Liège, Mont-St-Michel at
Peronne, Ebersmunster in Lower Alsace,
St. Martin at Cologne.
After Columbanus (8th to 11th c.)
Hiberno-Scottish activity in Europe declined after the death of Columbanus.
Celtic Christianity was united with Roman Catholicism after the
Synod of Whitby in
664, and from
698 until the reign of
Charlemagne in the
770s, the Hiberno-Scottish efforts in the Frankish Empire were continued by the
Anglo-Saxon mission. See:
Germanic Christianity.
The rule of St. Columbanus, which was originally followed in most of these monasteries, was soon superseded by that of
St. Benedict. Later
Gaelic missionaries, founded
Honau in Baden (about 721),
Murbach in Upper Alsace (about 727),
Altomünster in Upper
Bavaria (about 749), while other Gaelic monks restored St. Michel in Thiérache (940), Walsort near
Namur (945), and, at Cologne, the Monasteries of St. Clement (about 953), St. Martin (about 980), St. Symphorian (about 990), and St. Pantaléon (1042).
High Middle Ages (11th to 12th c.)
Irish monks known as
Papar are said to have been present in Iceland before its settlement by the
Norse in the
9th century. Among the Irish monks who were active in Central Europe were two particularly important theologians,
Marianus Scotus and
Johannes Scotus Eriugena. Legends surrounding Iro-Scottish foundations are recorded in a
Middle High German text known as
Charlemagne and the Scottish Saints (
BL Harley 3971).
Towards the end of the
eleventh and in the
twelfth century, a number of Schottenklöster, intended for Scottish and Irish monks exclusively, sprang up in Germany. About 1072, three Scottish monks,
Marianus,
Iohannus, and
Candidus, took up their abode at the little Church of Weih-St-Peter at
Ratisbon. Their number soon increased and a larger monastery was built for them (about 1090) by Burgrave Otto of Ratisbon and his brother Henry. This became the famous
Scottish Monastery of St. Jacob at Ratisbon, the mother-house of a series of other Schottenklöster. It founded the Abbeys of St. Jacob at
Würzburg (about 1134), St. Aegidius at
Nuremberg (1140), St. Jacob at
Constance (1142),
Our Blessed Lady at
Vienna (1158), St. Nicolas at
Memmingen (1168), Holy Cross at
Eichstätt (1194), and the Priory of
Kelheim (1231). These, together with the Abbey of St. Jacob at
Erfurt (1036), and the Priory of Weih-St-Peter at Ratisbon formed the famous congregation of the German Schottenklöster which was erected by
Innocent III in 1215, with the Abbot of St. Jacob at Ratisbon as abbot-general.
14th century onwards
In the 14th and 15th centuries most of these monasteries were on the decline, partly for want of Scottish or Irish monks, partly on account of great laxity of discipline and financial difficulties. In consequence, the abbeys of
Nuremberg and
Vienna were withdrawn from the Scottish congregation and repeopled by German monks in 1418. The Abbey of St. Jacob Würzburg was left without any monks after the death of Abbot Philip in 1497. It was then re-peopled by German monks and in 1506 joined the congregation of Bursfeld. In 1595, however, it was restored to the Scottish congregation and continued to be occupied by Scottish monks until its suppression in 1803. The abbey of Constance began to decline in the first half of the 15th century and was suppressed in 1530. That of Memmingen also disappeared during the early period of the Protestant Reformation. The Abbey of Holy Cross at Eichstatt seems to have ceased early in the fourteenth century. In consequence of the Protestant
Reformation in Scotland many Scottish Benedictines left their country and took refuge in the Schottenklöster of Germany during the 16th century. The Scottish monasteries in Ratisbon,
Erfurt, and Würzburg again began to flourish temporarily, but all endeavors to regain the monasteries of Nuremberg, Vienna, and Constance for monks of Scottish nationality were useless.
In 1692 Abbot Placidus Flemming of Ratisbon reorganized the Scottish congregation which now comprised the monasteries of Ratisbon, Erfurt, and Würzburg, the only remaining Schottenklöster in Germany. He also erected a seminary in connection with the monastery at Ratisbon. But the forced secularization of monasteries in 1803 put an end to the Scottish abbeys of Erfurt and Würzburg, leaving St. Jacob's at Ratisbon as the only surviving Schottenkloster in Germany. Though since 1827 this monastery was again permitted to accept novices, the number of its monks dwindled down to two capitulars in 1862. There being no hope of any increase,
Pope Pius IX suppressed this last Schottenkloster in his brief of 2 September, 1862. Its revenues were distributed between the diocesan seminary of Ratisbon and the Scotch College at
Rome.
Literature
- Frank Shaw (ed.), Karl der Große und die Schottischen Heiligen. Nach der Handschrift Harley 3971 der Britischen Bibliothek London, Deutsche Texte des Mittelalters LXXI, Berlin (DDR), 1981.
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